1. The current situation of commercial laying hen production in China

China is a big producer of eggs. Since 1985, my country's egg production has ranked first in the world for 25 consecutive years, but what is not commensurate with it is that my country can only be regarded as a weak country in the egg industry. At present, in the production of laying hens in my country, more than 80% of the eggs come from small-scale chicken farms with less than 10000 eggs and free-range farmers.

The current status of commercial layer production in China is mainly as follows:

1.1 sufficient raw materials, broad market

Most parts of our country, especially in the north, produce energy feed such as corn, plus oil crop by-products, basically most farmers can solve the problem of converting most of the feed raw materials into eggs on the spot; laying hens are the cheapest and most convenient to eat Animal protein has a broad market.

1.2 barriers to entry are extremely low.

The amount of investment is random, the housing equipment is simple because of its poor conditions, and the traditional habit of raising one or two pigs and more than a dozen chickens in every household in my country's rural areas has been formed for thousands of years, so that the vast majority of farmers in my country do not have too high production technology to enter the laying hen breeding industry. And economic difficulties.

1.3 production conditions are simple

Although my country now has the most advanced environmental control chicken coops in the world, most of the chicken coops are still slightly modified with houses, and even chickens can be raised by building a house with bricks or circled with barbed wire in the field. As for chicken cages, some are made of wood, some are made of single cages with wood support, and some are slowly buying complete cages. Drinking water, feeding and other auxiliary equipment can be saved, and manure cleaning equipment should not be used as much as possible. As for the environmental control equipment, generally more than 5000 per building will consider installing fans and exhaust fans, but in most cases it is not considered at all.

Low cost of 1.4 production

Simple production equipment brings low production costs: the equipment cost of a few yuan or even less than one yuan makes farmers hardly need to consider depreciation, which is incomparable to large-scale breeding sites with tens of hundreds of yuan per chicken.

Low level of 1.5 production

Production levels are uneven and overall low. The extremely low investment cost and huge breeding scale have brought huge egg production to our country, but they have also brought endless losses to our egg industry. Due to the extremely low demand for equipment, the development of China's breeding equipment technology has been seriously restricted. The harsh environment of large and small chicken farms has made China's breeding industry "notorious". The chaotic immunization system and drug use have made livestock and poultry diseases highly complicated in China, with mixed infection and cross-infection prevalent. Extensive management mode has led to low yield, high material consumption and high death panning in China's laying hen industry, production efficiency and economic efficiency are far below the world average.

Table 1 Comparison of production performance of laying hens

Indicators World China

Hen yield kg 19.0~20.0 15~16

Material-egg ratio X:1 2.0~2.2 2.3~2.7

Death rate% 3.0~6.0 7.0~16

Low level of repeated construction, so that China's egg supply is large and scattered, low commodity attributes. In the 1970 s, my country was a major exporter of egg products. The varieties exported included fresh eggs, remanufactured eggs and egg products. The highest export volume of fresh eggs reached more than 100000 tons, and it remained at about 80000 tons in the 1980 s. However, after entering the 1990 s, although my country's fresh egg production has developed rapidly year by year, the export volume has been declining. In 2001, the export volume was only 58000 tons. There has been a long-standing problem of "three more and three less" in the egg market: that is, there are more ordinary eggs and fewer brand eggs; More shell eggs are on the market and less deep-processed eggs are on the market. Eggs are eaten more directly and developed and utilized less.

1.6 lack of brand

Because there is no brand, it can only be sold as a primary agricultural product at a low price in the free market; because there is no batch, even the low-priced market is always controlled by egg dealers; because there is no own brand, even if high-quality eggs can be produced It can only help people work; because the proportion of egg processing is extremely low, it is difficult to maintain and increase the value of eggs; due to the extremely low production threshold, my country's egg production often swarms up and down, egg prices can easily cause violent fluctuations. Eggs in our country can only be regarded as a product at present, not a commodity.

2. The main reason for the current situation

Policy Orientation of 2.1 Government

In order to improve the income of farmers, in many areas, the layer breeding industry is still regarded as a project to enrich the people, and a large number of breeding communities have been established, so that the amount of layer breeding in my country is increasing year by year.

The characteristics of the 2.2 industry

The layer breeding industry is characterized by short, flat, fast, easy to start, fast to change production, and large and stable market demand. When other livestock and poultry breeding fluctuates, you can buy hundreds of chicken seedlings and make some nylon nets to start raising chickens. The cost of changing production is no more than 1000 or 2000 yuan. The money to sell a pig is enough to complete the change from raising pigs to raising chickens.

3. The main problems plaguing the production of commercial laying hens in China

3.1 native variety resources are scarce and highly dependent on imports

China is the largest egg producer in the world. The breeding level of laying hens not only represents the competitive strength of domestic poultry breeding enterprises, but also directly affects the development of domestic laying hens production. However, the breeding level of laying hens in my country has been declining since the 1990 s. The number of original breeding farms for laying hens in China has been declining year by year, and some companies cannot carry out normal breeding work at all. At present, in addition to a few varieties such as Huadi series, Xinyang series and Nongda Brown, imported egg hens account for the vast majority of breeding chicken production in China.

The 3.2 epidemic is complex, difficult to prevent and treat.

The chaotic production conditions and the illegal use of a large number of antibiotics, the existence of a large number of mixed infections and cross-infections make the disease of laying hens in my country very complicated, and the virus bacteria have strong drug resistance and are difficult to prevent and treat.

Overproduction of 3.3 makes laying hens difficult to sell

A large number of small-scale breeding and free-range breeding have caused the price of eggs in my country to be low for a long time. Farmers are far away from the market. Egg prices have been controlled by egg dealers for a long time. Even if egg prices rise, farmers will find it difficult to benefit from it.

3.4 land planning, environmental inspection and other procedures are becoming more and more stringent, affecting the development of standardized farms.

For small-scale free-range care, there is no need for planning and environmental protection procedures. Because the pollution caused by it is caused by thousands of households, it is difficult to find the subject of punishment. But for large-scale, standardized breeding, pollution problems, planning problems and so on more and more can not be avoided.

4. The direction of the development of commercial laying hens in China

Changing ideas and concepts, changing the breeding model and taking the road of standardization, scale, and ecology is the direction of the development of laying hens in my country; the product level changes from quantity to quality; at the marketing level, from product sales to brand marketing; at the management level Change from extensive management to refined management.

5. Several key issues that need to be paid attention to in large-scale layer breeding

5.1 building a sound quality assurance system and related certification

As China's laying hen industry is still in the early stage of development, many people mix their eyes and use ordinary eggs as green eggs and organic eggs. Therefore, through some necessary quality assurance systems and relevant certification, enterprises can enhance consumers' trust in the brand and expand market share to a certain extent. Such as HACCP international food safety management system, IS09001 international standard quality system, IS014001 environmental management system, as well as the green food certification of China Green Food Development Center and the national pollution-free agricultural products certification of the Ministry of Agriculture, etc., will strengthen consumers' brand awareness to a certain extent.

5.2 in accordance with international standards commonly used in the classification of egg sales

At present, there is no good grading standard for egg products in our country, but we can refer to some commonly used international grading standards to grade products to improve the added value of products. For example, strictly abide by the international grading standards, to provide consumers with international level of high-quality eggs, eggs can be divided into XXL, XL, L, M number, to meet the different preferences of different consumers.

5.3 pay attention to environmental protection and social responsibility, and increase benefits from environmental protection

Paying attention to environmental protection has become a basic national policy of our country, so we need to pay full attention to environmental protection from the beginning of the project.

At the beginning of the planning of the laying hen project, environmental issues were taken into comprehensive consideration to solve the pollution problems in the project as much as possible, and a large amount of waste water could be avoided by using the dry manure cleaning process instead of the water manure flushing process commonly used in livestock farms. And the use of chicken manure and sewage production of biogas and power generation, so as to achieve the solid and liquid waste zero emissions.

The construction of the egg farm is impossible to leave the communication with the surrounding people. Therefore, production enterprises should pay great attention to social responsibility, so that the surrounding people also benefit from the development of enterprises. In addition to providing employment opportunities for villagers, production enterprises can also use biogas power generation projects to provide clean energy for the surrounding areas, biogas slurry and biogas residue as organic fertilizer for the surrounding farmland, helping the nearby development of ten thousand mu of organic vegetable and fruit production, helping farmers to develop green corn planting and recycling green corn as feed raw materials, thus, a circular economy system integrating "ecological breeding-food processing-clean energy-organic fertilizer-organic planting-order agriculture-ecological breeding" has been realized.

Moderate development of animal welfare in 5.4

The improvement of animal welfare conditions can improve product quality and brand grade, so it is necessary to improve as much as possible under the premise of moderate.

In short, it is an inevitable trend for the development of China's laying hen industry to change the feeding mode of "small-scale and large-scale", change the concept of products and marketing, and take the road of standardized and large-scale ecological production of laying hens.